This edition of the Infrastructure in Latin America’s Development (IDEAL) report takes an in-depth look at the role of two strategic economic infrastructure sectors in sustainable development, in the context of the environmental and climate change challenges they face. The sectors are water and energy, including transportation because of its share of energy consumption. The report examines the impact of these sectors on the fight against climate change and the conservation of natural capital. It also analyzes the response capacity of the health care industry to potentially disruptive events. Although the origin of the disruption caused by COVID-19 was epidemiological, future health events of the same type of origin or caused by vectors altered by climate change could arise. For each of these sectors, the report goes through the expected changes regarding environmental concerns, sectoral challenges as a result of these changes, and possible actions to address them. It also marks the path for sustainable development through these infrastructure sectors.